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Arasbaran ((ペルシア語:ارسباران Arasbārān), (アゼルバイジャン語:Qaradağ قره داغ)), also Romanized as Arasbārān and formerly known as Qarājadāḡ, Qaradagh, Karadağ, Karacadağ, or Qaraja dagh, is a large mountainous area stretching from the Qūshā Dāgh massif, south of Ahar, to the Aras River in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran.〔Oberling, Pierre. "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History." Oriens 17 (1964): p. 63〕 The region is confined to Aras River in the north, Meshgin Shahr County and Moghan in the east, Sarab County in the south, and Tabriz and Marand counties in the west. Since 1976, UNESCO has registered 72,460 hectares of the region, confined to 38°40' to 39°08'N and 46°39' to 47°02'E, as biosphere reserve with the following general description: ==History== There is no mention of Arasbaran as a geo-political entity in written sources dating prior to Safavid era. There is a speculation that the region referred to as Syah Kuh by the 10th-century Muslim geographer, Ibn Hawqal,〔Abu-'l-Qāsim Ibn-ʻAlī Ibn-Ḥauqal, The Oriental Geography of Ebn Haukal, an Arabian Traveller of the Tenth Century, London, 1800 pp.184-185.〕 corresponds to the present day Arasbaran.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Sahar )〕 However, the said Syahkoh has more similarities with Manghishlaq in the eastern shores of Caspian Sea.〔Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, 2006, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, pp. 152-153〕 Therefore, Arasbaran's history should be considered in the context of its two main towns, Ahar and Kaleybar. Kaleybar, formerly known as bedh, was the stronghold of Babak Khorramdin who, in 816 AD, revolted against Islamic Caliphate and was defeated in 836 AD.〔K. Farrokh, Iran at War: 1500-1988, 2011, Osprey Publishing〕 The events of the two decades long tumultuous times have been extensively reported by Islamic historians of the epoch. The first report is by Al-Masudi in The Meadows of Gold: ''Babak revolted in Bedh region with the disciples of Djavidan'' ...〔‘Alī ibn al-Husayn al- Mas‘Ūdī, Pavet de Courteille, Les Prairies d'or de Maçoudi, 1873, Paris, vol. 7, p. 62〕 ''Following a series of defeats Babak was blockaded in his native town..., which even now is known as Babak's countr''y.〔‘Alī ibn al-Husayn al- Mas‘Ūdī, Pavet de Courteille, Les Prairies d'or de Maçoudi, 1873, Paris, vol. 7, p. 123〕 Ibn Athir in his book, The Complete History, has devoted many pages to the description of battles.〔عز الدین ابن اثیر، تاریخ کامل، ۱۳۸۱، تهران، جلد نهم، صص. ۳۹۸۲-۴۰۱۲.〕 Yaqut al-Hamawi, writing in early thirteenth century, describes Kaleybar in the following words, ''County between Azerbaijan and Erran.... This county produces pomegranates of incomparable beauty, excellent figs and grapes that are dried on fires (because the sun is always obscured by thick clouds).'' 〔Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Rumi al-Hamawi, Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard, Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrees adjacentes, 1851, Paris, pp. 87-88〕 In the 12th-13th centuries, Ahar was a minor and short-lived, but prosperous emirate ruled by the Pishteginid dynasty of Georgian origin (1155—1231).〔Minorsky, Vladimir (1951), "The Georgian Maliks of Ahar." ''BSOAS'' vol. 13/4, pp. 868-77.〕 Yaqut al-Hamawi, describes Ahar as ''very flourishing despite its small extent''.〔Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Rumi al-Hamawi, Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard, Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrees adjacentes, 1851, Paris, p. 57〕 Both towns lost most of their importance during the rule of Ilkhanate. Hamdallah Mustawfi, writing in mid fourteenth century, descries Ahar as ''a little town'',〔نزهةالقلوب ، حمداله مستوفی ، به کوشش محمد دبیر سیاقی ، انتشارات کتابخانه طهوری ، چاپ اول ، تهران ، ۱۳۳۶، ص. ۹۵.〕 and Kaleybar as ''A village of Azerbaijan, in the woods near a mountain which comprises a fortress''.〔Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Rumi al-Hamawi, Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard, Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrees adjacentes, 1851, Paris, p. 493〕〔نزهةالقلوب ، حمداله مستوفی ، به کوشش محمد دبیر سیاقی ، انتشارات کتابخانه طهوری ، چاپ اول ، تهران ، ۱۳۳۶، ص. ۹۶.〕 Ahar was in the focus of Safavid dynasty's agenda for casting of Azerbaijan as a Safavid dominion. Thus, Shah Abbas rebuilt the mausoleum of Sheikh Sheikh Shihab-al-din in Ahar.〔Kishwar Rizvi , The Safavid Dynastic Shrine: Architecture, Religion and Power in Early ..., 2011, I.B.Tauris, p. 161〕 In 1604, as Ottoman forces threatened the area directly to the north of Arasbaran during the Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618), Shah Abbas ordered Maqsud Sultan to evacuate the entire population of the Nakhichevan region (including the Armenians of Jolfa, who, in the following year, were transplanted to Isfahan) to Arasbaran and Dezmar. Arasbaran region suffered enormously during Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and Russo-Persian War (1826–28) due to its proximity to the war zone. Western travelers in 1837-1843 period had found Ahar, a city with around 700 households, in wretched condition.〔Richard Tappe, Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan, 1997, Cambridge University Press, p. 171〕 Arasbaran was one of the epicenters of Persian Constitutional Revolution. Arasbaran tribes were heavily involved in armed conflicts; the revolutionary and ati-revolutionary camps were headed, respectively, by Sattar Khan and Rahimkhan Chalabianloo, both from Qaradağ region. When in 1925 Rezā Shāh deposed Ahmad Shah Qajar and founded the Pahlavi dynasty, Arasbaran's gradual decline started. The new king insisting on ethnic nationalism and cultural, implemented policy of cultural assimilation. He renamed Qaradağ as Arasbaran to deny the Turkic identity of the inhabitants. Consequently, Arasbaran is no longer in the focus of national politics. Still, many books and articles are being written on the contribution of Arasbaran region and its inhabitants in the contemporary history of Iran cannot be underestimated. The interested reader may refer to the following scholarly books and articles: * H. Bybordi "The history of Arasbaran" and the Bybordi migration tribe,〔سرهنگ حسین بایبوردی، "تاریخ ارسباران"، ابن سینا، تهران ۱۳۴۱〕 * H. Doosti, "The history and geography of Arasbaran",〔حسین دوستی، تاریخ و جغرافیای ارسباران,انتشارات احرار,تبریز,1373〕 * N. Sedqi, "The contemporary political and social history of Arasbaran",〔ناصر صدقی،تاریخ اجتماعى و سیاسى ارسباران (قره داغ) در دوره معاصر، ۱۳۸۸، تبریز، نشر اختر.〕 * S.R. Alemohammad, "The book of Arasbaran".〔سیدرضا آلمحمد، نامه ارسباران، ۱۳۹۱، تهران، کتابخانه موزه و اسناد مجلس شورای اسلامی.〕 * A concise English language article is "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History" by P. Oberling.〔Oberling, Pierre. "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History." Oriens 17 (1964): 60-95〕 * Encyclopediae Iranica has many articles which are related to Arasbaran. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Arasbaran」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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